The relationship between concentration and effect is usually non-linear, i.e. To be explicit, it is the study of the drug which reaches the systemic circulation after the onset of administration, its intensity, and duration of action or response or effect, which are related to the drug concentration at its receptor site of action ( Rosenbaum, 2011). The study of the magnitude and variation of drug response is defined as pharmacodynamics (PDs). This will facilitate and strengthen the development of rational drug therapy in clinical practice.
In the future, network-based systems pharmacology models using ligand binding principles could be an effective way of understanding drug-related adverse effects. It is stated that the fractional occupancy = occupied binding sites/ total binding sites, which means the effect of a drug should depend on the fraction of receptors that are occupied. In essence, for ligand binding models, the term fractional occupancy is best used to describe the fraction of receptors occupied at a particular ligand concentration. However, for ligand binding models justification is provided by theory of receptor occupancy. The E max model is the central method that provides an empirical justification for the concentration/dose-effect relationship. the interaction of one or more ligands with one or more binding sites. Ligand binding models describe a system of interacting components, i.e. The pharmacological effect is produced by the drug binding to the receptor to either activate or antagonise the receptor. Ligand binding model is an example of a PD model that works on the underpinning PD principle of a drug, eliciting its pharmacological effect at the receptor site.
The PD models have been described as fixed, linear, log-linear, E max, sigmoid E max, and indirect PD response. It can predict the archetypal effect ( E) of a drug as a function of the drug concentration ( C) and estimate an unknown PD parameter ( θ pd). PD models examine plasma concentration and effect relationship.
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